Tsarist elites reframed long-ruled Jews and Muslims as threats only from the late 1800s

Evidence

The Russian empire was remarkably fertile ground for hostility towards Jews and Muslims. The Russian tsars had ruled Muslims since the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and Jews from the late eighteenth century. However, tsarist elites only came to see both groups as major challenges to the imperial order in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, when Muslims and Jews became stock figures in an ominous pantheon of ethnic and religious groups that seemed to pose a threat to the imperial political order. — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 503

Categorization

• CANDY: Compact, surprising nugget: Russia ruled Muslims for 400 years and Jews for 100 before elites cast either as a major threat.
• QUESTION: What historical trigger in the late nineteenth century caused this reframing? Worth chasing for the causal mechanism.