Transnational Muslim solidarity supplied real military material to the Chechen cause

Evidence

The Islamist international immediately contributed fighters from Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sudan, and elsewhere. Muslim states endorsed the Chechen cause, and Turkey and Iran reportedly supplied material help, providing Russia with further incentives to attempt to conciliate Iran. A steady stream of arms for the Chechens began to enter the Russian Federation from Azerbaijan, causing Russia to close its border with that country, thereby also shutting off medical and other supplies to Chechnya. — Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the…, 765

Categorization

• SEED: Angle: how a single border closure to stop arms also severed medical aid — an unintended-consequence case study in how counterinsurgency supply interdiction harms civilians.