Trained singers show higher glottal closed quotient than untrained singers

Evidence

The time the vocal folds are in contact in each cycle, known as “larynx closed quotient” or “CQ,” has been investigated as a possible means by which trained adult male (Howard et al., 1990) and female (Howard, 1995) singers can be helped in producing a more efficient acoustic output. Experimental measurements on trained and untrained singers suggest that CQ is higher at all pitches for trained adult males and that it tends to increase with pitch for trained adult females in a patterned manner. — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 1331

The nature of vocal fold vibration changes with voice training, whether for oratory, acting or singing. The time for which the vocal folds are in contact in each cycle, known as “larynx closed quotient” or “CQ,” has been investigated as a possible means by which trained adult male (Howard et al., 1990) and female (Howard, 1995) singers can be helped in producing a more efficient acoustic output. Experimental measurements on trained and untrained singers suggest that CQ is higher at all pitches for trained adult males, and that it tends to increase with pitch for trained adult females in a patterned manner. — David Howard, Jamie Angus, coustics and Psychoacoustics, 1346

Categorization

• QUESTION: Could the CQ be heard or felt directly by a singing listener? Track down Howard et al. 1990 and 1995 for methodology.
• DEFINE: Introduces the concept of larynx closed quotient (CQ) as a measurable feature of trained voice.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 1331; David Howard, Jamie Angus, coustics and Psychoacoustics, 1346
• XREF: connects to: Trained singers keep vocal folds closed longer each cycle than untrained singers — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 1332