The westward expansion of slavery generated proslavery ideology, not the reverse

Evidence

Hoping for assurances of federal protection in case of future rebellions, Louisiana sugar planters voted to join the union in 1812. With the addition of Louisiana, another slave state, it became clear that slavery was expanding, not contracting, as Jefferson left office. The number of enslaved Africans swelled 70 percent in twenty years, increasing from 697,897 in the first federal census of 1790 to 1,191,354 in 1810, before tripling over the next fifty years. The escalation of slavery and the need to defend it against anti-American abolitionists in Europe generated one of the first waves of proslavery thought after the Revolution. Even northerners, or native northerners living in the South, defended it. In 1810, future Pennsylvania congressman Charles Jared Ingersoll released Inchiquin, the Jesuit’s Letters, refuting the aspersions cast upon slavery “by former residents and tourists.” A few years later, New York antislavery novelist James Kirke Paulding tried to defend his nation and the slow pace of change. Freeing happy Africans could endanger the community, undermine property rights, and render them “more wretched” than they already were, Paulding wrote. — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 374

Categorization

• XREF: Directly instantiates Kendi’s core thesis — policy (slavery’s expansion) precedes and generates ideology (proslavery thought) — exactly what the reader is testing against counterexamples.
• DEFINE: Shows Northerners and even nominal antislavery writers producing assimilationist/defensive justifications, placing them in the scheme.