The U.S. governed Guam as a colony denying constitutional rights

Evidence

Guam was now a U.S. colony, and the Navy designated the entire island a U.S. naval station. Technically, at that point, the whole island really was one large military base. Naval officers served as governors and generally ran Guam like a ship. Signs appeared saying ENGLISH ONLY WILL BE SPOKEN HERE. In a series of cases, the Supreme Court ruled that Guam’s people (as well as Puerto Ricans and Filipinos) were entitled to neither U.S. citizenship nor the full protection of the Constitution. — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 237

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the broader study of U.S. territorial colonialism alongside Puerto Rico and the Philippines; parallels the insular cases doctrine limiting constitutional reach. — connects to: Puerto Rico remains a constitutional limbo neither state nor colony — Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law, 3754; The US denies constitutional protections to non-citizens outside its territory — Charles Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 529
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 237