The slave radical tradition survived in Creole culture white officials criminalized.

Evidence

Thus the ideologic and phatic ingredients of the radical tradition of the slaves was preserved by the African Creoles (who were augmented by the liberated Africans) in their culture: their language, the patois “not understood by most policeman, magistrates, and officials”; their profane festivals such as Canboulay and the jamet Carnival where thinly veiled disregard for Anglican and Catholic moralities abound; in their syncretistic religious sects and noisy wakes; in their music and dance. These evoked hostility and disgust among the Anglicized colored classes, shocked the upper-class whites, and inspired discomfort in official Trinidad. In 1868, obeah was outlawed; in 1883, drum dances (Calenda, Belaire, Bongo) were prohibited as “immoral”; in 1884 and 1895, the festivals or aspects of them (band stick-fighting, the wearing of masks) were suppressed. In time, too, it was believed and expected, public primary education would eradicate “Creole.” But the verse of Calypso suggested the spirit of liberation, the sense of dignity was unextinguishable. There one found a quiet but steeled expression of outrage. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 1152

Categorization

• DEFINE: Names the concrete elements — patois, Canboulay, jamet Carnival, calypso — that constitute the preserved radical tradition.
• XREF: Connects to the reader’s earlier sources on sound/silence and colonial anxiety over ‘immoral’ cultural forms.