The regime spread indoctrination through orientation centres and unemployed ‘Victory Pioneer’ vigilantes

Evidence

The Political Office of the President was expanded into a national organization of apparatcics staffing ‘orientation centres’ (hanuunin) which were set up in all permanent settlements of any size throughout the country. Members of the public were expected to assemble in these centres on public holidays to study the aims and methods of the Revolution within walls decorated with pictures of the new holy trinity: jaalle Markis (Marx), jaalle Lenin and jaalle Siyad. In their efforts to instill and maintain revolutionary fervour at the local level, presidency officials were aided by members of the people’s vigilantes (the guulwaaddayaal), or ‘Victory Pioneers’, an organization established in the summer of 1972 and recruited largely amongst the unemployed. — I.M. Lewis, I. M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali_ Nation…, 517

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines hanuunin (orientation centres) and guulwaaddayaal/Victory Pioneers as instruments of propaganda and local social control.