The mine union itself favored face-to-face pay to protect marginal mines

Evidence

For many years before World War II it had been a cardinal principle of the United Mine Workers, under the leadership of Mr. John L. Lewis, that working time in the coal mines should be computed on a “face to face” rather than a “portal to portal” basis. This principle had been expressly incorporated in a series of agreements with coal mine operators going back nearly half a century. A prime reason for the principle was that the marginal deep mines could not compete with the never mines if wages were figured otherwise than on a “face to face” basis, and it was to the advantage of the United Mine Workers to keep the older mines in operation. Moreover, in many mines different miners used different portals, and if travel time were counted two men working side by side at the same face would often be paid differently. — Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process, 2300

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: The statutory definition of work was created by judges, not Congress — Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process: Basic Problems in…, 2294; Union and operators jointly obtained an administrative ruling on face-to-face pay — Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process: Basic Problems in…, 2301

Broader Connections

• Union and operators jointly obtained an administrative ruling on face-to-face pay #corroborates (0.92) — Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process, 2301