The majority’s sweeping factual premise about all states is contradicted by historical evidence

Evidence

At the time of the adoption of the Constitution, all state legislatures recognized the inferior and subject condition of the black race; accordingly, blacks could not be considered as citizens and capable of suing in federal court at that time. — Ruggero J. Aldisert, Agatha D. Aldisert, Logic for Lawyers- A Guide to Clear…, 1381

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the following paragraph’s evidence that several states granted free Black residents the franchise, directly contradicting this claim. — connects to: The rising-middle-class narrative is unsupported by historical evidence
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Ruggero J. Aldisert, Agatha D. Aldisert, Logic for Lawyers- A Guide to Clear…, 1381