The exception operates as a governance practice rather than a simple inside-outsider binary.

Evidence

The exception, Ong shows, produces new kinds of citizens, principally those who are subjected to neoliberal considerations and those who are excluded from it. Cautioning us that it would be a mistake to understand citizenship as structured by a simple opposition between those within the state and those outside of it, Ong emphasizes that the exception be considered as a practice of governance. — Sherene Razack, Casting Out, 46

Categorization

• DEFINE: Ong’s reframing of the exception as a governance practice that creates new kinds of citizens, not just excluded non-citizens.