The copyright regime expansion was lobbied into existence before Napster emerged

Evidence

“Far from being passive victims of technological shifts in the recorded commodity form,” Arditi explains, “the RIAA has been an active player in creating novel ways to profit from new modes of commodification, and it has used the change in commodity form to consolidate major record label power to get the public and the state to invest in ‘saving’ music.” Waging an aggressive public relations campaign well before the effects of Napster, the vested industry players were able to deliver concrete policy results in their favor: the Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA) in 1992, which established royalties, anti-circumvention provisions (breaking the technological barriers set up to protect copyright), and anti-copying provisions on digital recording devices; the Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act (DPRA) in 1995, which established digital public performance rights; and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) in 1998, which vastly expanded anti-circumvention and copyright infringement penalties. — Andrew deWaard, Derivative Media, 201

Categorization

• QUESTION: Precise impact of each of these acts on later catalog securitization would help ground the reader’s factual base.