The black-white withdrawal gap persists even among high earners

Evidence

At the highest income levels the black withdrawal percentage is six times the white withdrawal percentage; at the lowest, it is five times as high, demonstrating that either lower-income white workers do not have financial pressures equal to those of their black peers, or they have access to funds other than their retirement accounts. — Dorothy A. Brown, The Whiteness of Wealth, 399

Categorization

• QUESTION: The gap being six times even at top income levels suggests family financial obligations, not just own-income, drive withdrawals — worth investigating whether a college choice or family-support dataset can pin this down.