The army medical school taught through simultaneous live translation

Evidence

While the Pasha and the chief physician of his army, Clot Bey, resorted to the logical choice of recruiting graduates of al-Azhar since this formed the only pool of young literate men in the country, these men certainly had no knowledge of French or any other foreign language. At the same time, most of the doctors who were employed in teaching in the school had no knowledge of Arabic. To surmount this problem, a number of translators were assigned to each lecturer and asked to translate the lecture while it was being delivered. — Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed Ali, his…, 1124

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the trade-institutions theme: how nascent institutions (here a medical school) improvise infrastructure to bridge knowledge gaps between groups.