The American bourgeois revolution featured slaveholding leaders and lagged France by a century

Evidence

If in Italy a Jacobin party was not formed, the reasons are to be sought in the economic field, that is to say in the relative weakness of the Italian bourgeoisie and in the different historical climate in Europe after 1815. … The bourgeoisie could not (perhaps) extend its hegemony further over the great popular strata-which it did succeed in embracing in France-(could not for subjective rather than objective reasons); but action directed at the peasantry was certainly always possible. Differences between France, Germany and Italy in the process by which the bourgeoisie took power (and England). It was in France that the process was richest in developments, and in active and positive political elements. — Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 483 (#corroborates, via linked claim)

The slave-trade and slavery were the economic basis of the French Revolution. “Sad irony of human history,” comments Jaures. “The fortunes created at Bordeaux, at Nantes, by the slave-trade, gave to the bourgeoisie that pride which needed liberty and contributed to human emancipation.” Nantes was the center of the slave-trade… . Nearly all the industries which developed in France during the eighteenth century had their origin in goods or commodities destined either for the coast of Guinea or for America … upon the success or failure of the traffic everything else depended. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 574 (#qualifies, via linked claim)

The next decade then witnessed the most intense and prolonged revolutionary wars in those zones of traditional colonialism - notably in Indochina and Southern Africawhere the nascent bourgeoisie, such as it was, had been sidelined by the socialist Left and the colonial question therefore converged with socialist revolution. … As a historical abstraction, however, and essentially for analytic purposes, we may say that while the first two decades of this period gave rise to a very large number of sovereign regimes of the national bourgeoisie (the fact that such a regime arose in India was, after all, as decisive as the fact that it did not in China), the next decade, 1965-75, was a phase predominantly of the revolutionary wars of national liberation. — Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory, 141 (#qualifies, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Slave-trade fortunes funded the bourgeoisie who made the French Revolution — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 574; A failed bourgeois revolution stems from economic weakness and historical timing — Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 483; Socialist revolutions required sidelining the national bourgeoisie during anti-colonial struggle — Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures, 89 (+2 more)

Related

• Settler-decimated or sidelined bourgeoisies let colonial struggles converge with socialist revolution (similarity 0.86)
• A failed bourgeois revolution stems from economic weakness and historical timing (similarity 0.86)
• Slave-trade fortunes funded the bourgeoisie who made the French Revolution (similarity 0.82)
• American bourgeois revolution fused advanced ideology with retrograde slaveholder leadership (similarity 0.81)
• France’s bourgeoisie arrived in 1789 already equipped to dominate culturally (similarity 0.80)
• Socialist revolutions required sidelining the national bourgeoisie during anti-colonial struggle (similarity 0.79)
• Slave wealth funded the very French Revolution that freed slaves (similarity 0.79)
• Without slave revolt, the French Revolution would not have abolished slavery (similarity 0.79)

Broader Connections

• A failed bourgeois revolution stems from economic weakness and historical timing #corroborates (0.90) — Antonio Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, 483
• Slave-trade fortunes funded the bourgeoisie who made the French Revolution #qualifies (0.80) — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 574
• Settler-decimated or sidelined bourgeoisies let colonial struggles converge with socialist revolution #qualifies (0.75) — Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory, 141
• Socialist revolutions required sidelining the national bourgeoisie during anti-colonial struggle #complicates (0.70) — Aijaz Ahmad, In Theory, 89