The 2013 anti-Morsi movement was secretly funded by Gulf states and Egypt’s military

Evidence

As it turned out, Tamarod was never as grassroots as it seemed. Gehad and many others would find out later that Tamarod had been funded by Gulf countries (especially the United Arab Emirates), the military, and wealthy businessmen. Saudi Arabia immediately threw its support behind the new Sisi regime. — Vincent Bevins, If We Burn, 449

Categorization

• ADDENDUM: Directly parallels the anti-regime movements the author profiles elsewhere: mass protest can be manufactured or captured by foreign state money, not just spontaneous.
• QUESTION: How much did UAE and Saudi funding shape not just Tamarod’s logistics but the choice of a mass-petition framing that looked like 2011’s horizontalism?
• XREF: connects to: Right-wing groups hijacked the 2013 protest repertoire with elite funding — Vincent Bevins, If We Burn: The Mass Protest Decade and…, 553

Broader Connections

• Right-wing groups hijacked the 2013 protest repertoire with elite funding #expands (0.78) — Vincent Bevins, If We Burn, 553