The 1948 defeat’s humiliation drove violent overthrow of Arab regimes.

Evidence

The shock of defeat in 1948 was especially humiliating in that the victors were not the mighty imperial powers but the Jews, familiar as a tolerated minority. Defeat at their hands was especially galling, and led to the overthrow by violence of most of the regimes held guilty of allowing it to happen. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 915

Categorization

• XREF: The status-inversion reading (tolerated minority defeats the majority) connects to the representation-cluster theme of how Western/Arab observers perceived Jewish power — a reversal of the dhimmi narrative.