Technology-based surveillance reproduces rather than removes racial bias

Evidence

Utilizing these lists does not curtail terrorism but rather justifies discriminatory practices by the state. Profiling in airports also creates a sense of distrust between communities of color and law enforcement (Ramirez, Hoopes, and Quinlan 2011). Lyon argues that in a post-9/11 society, the reliance on technology for surveillance has not made surveillance less biased but produced a system of social sorting: “[Passengers] … are coded to categorize personal data such that people thus classified may be treated differently. People from suspect countries of origin or with suspect ethnicities can expect different treatment from others” (2007: 162). — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 166

Categorization

• XREF: Directly feeds the reader’s stated purpose: surveillance producing social sorting echoes the racialization-of-religion mechanism central to this book and connects to Beydoun’s account. — connects to: More Facebook use increases body surveillance regardless of gender — Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, 1478; Surveillance technologies shuttle unchanged between foreign warzones and domestic Muslim communities
• DEFINE: Introduces Lyon’s ‘social sorting’ concept as the key mechanism for how surveillance codes people differently.