Swann endorsed district-wide racial composition as the measure of constitutional violation.

Evidence

In Swann, it upheld a federal district court’s desegregation plan that ordered busing for more than 13,000 students. While denying that the Constitution required “any particular degree of racial balance and mixing,” the Court endorsed reliance on the racial composition of the whole school district in determining the scope of constitutional violations. — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 3027

Categorization

• DEFINE: Captures the Swann principle that remedies may consider whole-district demographics without mandating any fixed racial balance.