Structural barriers drove minorities to reject ethnic identity for radical racial identity

Evidence

Largescale obtacles blocked the path to inclusion. (We discuss structural racism later in this book, but for now think of redlining, racial steering and residential segregation, school segregration, hiring patterns, imprisonment.) In the face of these concrete practices of states, corporations, and millions of whites, many blacks (and later, many Latin@s, Native Americans, and Asian Americans as well) rejected ethnic identity and the false promise of inclusion, in favor of a more radical racial identity which demanded group rights and recognition. Given these developments, ethnicity theory found itself increasingly in opposition to the demands of antiracist movements. — Michael Omi, Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States, 52

Categorization

• XREF: This causal claim about concrete racial practices triggering a shift from ethnicity to race-based politics anchors the vault’s claims about when and why ethnic paradigms failed.
• ADDENDUM: Illegible OCR aside, this passage supports the structural-practice mechanism central to racial-formation; related to claims about concrete state/corporate racism in earlier vault material.