Stigma from wrongful incarceration is an injury not reducible to monetary damages.

Evidence

Of the intangible injuries Japanese Americans experienced, none was bigger than the stigma that “marked the excluded,” the badge of inferiority they were forced to wear. The report rightly noted that “the deprivation of liberty is no less injurious because it wounds the spirit rather than the body…. Two and a half years behind the barbed-wire of a relocation camp, branded potentially disloyal because of one’s ethnicity alone—these injustices cannot neatly be translated into dollars and cents.” — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations, 204

Categorization

• DEFINE: Establishes the two-part structure of Brown’s harm concept: material losses plus intangible injuries like stigma that resist dollar valuation — foundational to why reparations is accounting not damages.
• XREF: The ‘badge of inferiority’ as non-quantifiable harm mirrors the moral-psychological injury layer in the diagnosis chapters of The Whiteness of Wealth and the saturated-system argument.