States unbound by universal suffrage and special interests can break vicious circles outright.

Evidence

A state or a governing party, however, which unlike those in India since 1947 is not committed to universal suffrage and owes nothing to any particular interest, can if it so wishes simply override vicious circles. — Diego Gambetta, Trust - Making and Breaking Cooperative…, 1616

Categorization

Category: Causal Relationships

  • XREF: Directly parallels the Trimberger ‘revolution from above’ discussion and the reader’s interest in how institutional design constrains or enables reform.