State policies and individual citizen actions jointly maintain Muslims’ racialized surveillance

Evidence

Muslim American men and women are aware of their hypersurveillance by both the state and their fellow citizens. Because gender plays a significant role in how they are surveilled, the ways in which they self-surveil reflect their unique experiences. … This book shows how the racialization of Muslims occurs through the institutionalization of policies that target Muslims, which is maintained via the actions of individuals. The state, private citizens, and Muslims themselves all contribute to the hypersurveillance of Muslims. — Saher Selod, Forever Suspect_ Racialized…, 63

Categorization

• DEFINE: Clarifies how racialization is not just ideology but institutionalized policy sustained by individual action — the definition of racialization via surveillance the reader is after.
• XREF: Sex-differentiated surveillance foreshadows the men-vs-women contrast the reader explicitly wants, and ties to the map’s Global Racial Enemy replacement. — connects to: Mass state surveillance laws target white citizens and Muslims with unequal public scrutiny — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 570; Even model pro-state Muslim collaborators remain permanent police suspects — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 629