Spain’s defeat at the Treaty of Bâle ended the Spanish alliance and isolated Jean-François.

Evidence

In October Jean-François and Biassou attacked troops under Moïse’s command. Louverture rushed to support him and, leading troops crying “Long live the Republic!” managed to repel the attack. As he later wrote to Laveaux, however, many of his courageous soldiers were killed, and “even though we destroyed many of our enemy, this does not compensate us for our losses.” But Jean-François’s days were numbered. In June 1795, across the Atlantic, a defeated Spain signed the Treaty of Bâle with France. One of the articles ceded Spanish Santo Domingo to the French. Although they would not act on this cession—it would be Louverture himself who would finally occupy the Spanish half of the island, and only in 1800—the fighting between the two colonies was to cease. — Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World_ The Story of…, 632

Categorization

• XREF: Geopolitics in Europe—the Directory’s wars—directly reshapes the Caribbean theater; echoes the same dynamic from earlier chapters where European peace treaties invert colonial alliances.