South African capitalism depends on both free and forced labor simultaneously.

Evidence

Moreover, there can be little argument that this is a social formation in which the capitalist mode of production is the dominant economic mode. Indeed, South Africa is the “exceptional” (?) case of an industrial capitalist social formation, where race is an articulating principle of the social, political, and ideological structures, and where the capitalist mode is sustained by drawing, simultaneously, on what have been defined as both “free” and “forced” labor. — Hall, Stuart, Essential Essays, Volume 1, 586

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the labor-repression analysis in other economic-history readings; ‘articulating principle’ anticipates the articulation concept Hall develops elsewhere. — connects to: Capitalism operated simultaneously through multiple modes of production, not a single wage-labor system. — Nick Couldry & Ulises A. Mejias, The Costs of Connection: How Data Is…, 252; Capitalist labor demand contradicts South Africa’s categorical containment strategy. — Charles Tilly, Regimes and Repertoires, 570