Seven post-1948 crises drove American media portrayals of Arabs as violent and irrational

Evidence

Seven international and domestic crises, in particular, contributed to the social construction of the Racial Muslim: (1) the establishment of Israel in 1948; (2) the 1967 Arab-Israeli War; (3) the 1973 Arab oil embargo; (4) the 1979 Iranian Revolution; (5) the First Gulf War in 1990; (6) the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center; and (7) the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. After each event, the American media intensified its coverage of political conflicts in the Middle East. Arabs (incorrectly presumed to all be Muslim) were portrayed as violent, irrational, and antidemocratic. — Sahar F. Aziz, The Racial Muslim, 616

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the existing passage stream in The Soundscape and One Square Inch of Silence about media amplification shaping perception, though the subject differs; more directly parallels racialization literature on moral panics. — connects to: Economic crises of the 1960s-70s produced the Arab terrorist figure as a moral panic. — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 93; National Geographic and Hollywood were prime twentieth-century vehicles of anti-Arab and anti-Muslim racism — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 216