Segregationist self-separation attracted opposition from assimilationists, religious uplift believers, and Black-white-hand supporters alike

Evidence

Assimilationists who finally felt they were making some headway desegregating northern White America, religious believers in uplift suasion, and those who were stubbornly committed to the political racism that Black advancement could only come from White hands all looked upon Du Bois as a traitor. “The vast majority of the Negroes in the United States are born in colored homes, educated in separate colored schools, attend separate colored churches, marry colored mates, and find their amusements in colored YMCA’s and YWCA’s,” Du Bois went on to argue in 1934. Instead of using our energy to break down the brick walls of White institutions, why not use our energy refurbishing our own? — Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning, 873

Categorization

• DEFINE: Shows Du Bois’s 1930s turn to voluntary Black self-separation as a distinct position opposed by three different camps, illustrating the scheme’s categories in action.
• XREF: Directly illustrates the ‘separate but equal Black institutions’ position distinct from segregationist White supremacy and from assimilationism — relates to reader’s goal of placing arguments into Kendi’s three-way scheme.