Secular legal measures quietly create second-class citizens in Europe

Evidence

Even though there was originally no conceptual link between citizenship and national identity or even nationality (Habermas, 1994), the boundaries between these categories have progressively been juridically blurred (Touraine, 1994): the individual enjoys the rights associated with citizenship (civil, political, social) because she or he belongs to a political community defined as a nation - the nation-state. In order to get full substantial citizenship rights, formal citizenship - that is, a juridically recognized belonging to the nation — is required. Modern citizenship is therefore largely national. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 816 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: European states regulate Muslim citizens’ private lives through gender-equality laws — Sherene Razack, Casting Out: The Eviction of Muslims…, 63; Formal legal equality coexists with justified second-class treatment for Muslims.; Millions of European-born Muslims have been relegated to second-class citizenry. — Arsalan Iftikhar, Fear of a Muslim Planet_ Global…, 468 (+3 more)

Broader Connections

• Modern citizenship has become juridically fused with national identity #complicates (0.72) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 816