Scientific fraud may be substantially more common than documented cases suggest.

Evidence

Although documented cases are rare, Nicholas Steneck of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has drawn up a list of estimates according to which many scientists claim to know of cases of fraud (Marshall 2000). The office found that about half of 150 cases investigated (apparently most of them by universities) between 1993 and 1997 resulted in misconduct findings (Kaiser 1999). — Russell Hardin, Trust and Trustworthiness, 855

Categorization

• QUESTION: The Steneck survey and the 50-percent misconduct-verdict rate warrant chasing the original Kaiser 1999 and Marshall 2000 data for exact numbers.