Scholastic ‘necessary reasons’ argumentation was developed jointly against Jews, Muslims, and heretics

Evidence

Peter of Cluny composed a polemical triptych against Jews, Muslims, and Petrobrusian heretics; Alain de Lille, a treatise against Cathars, Waldensians, Jews and Muslims. The development of scholastic theology in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries went hand in hand with the new forms of argumentation used against infidels. If Catholic doctrine was based on reason, it should be possible to prove it to Jews, heretics, and Muslims through logical exposition and argumentation. — John V. Tolan, Saracens, 1361

Categorization

• XREF: Shows the tripartite conflation of Muslim, Jew, and heretic in one polemical apparatus — a structural origin of the vault’s conjunctural analysis of these enemies.