Scholarship universalized white women and black men while erasing black women

Evidence

Scholars usually talked about black experience when they were really speaking solely about black male experience. Significantly, I found that when “w om en” were talked about, the experience of white women was universalized to stand for all female experience and that when “black people” were talked about, the experience of black men was the point of reference. — bell hooks, Teaching to Transgress, 221

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to intersectionality literature — Crenshaw and hooks on the double-erasure of black women in both white feminism and black male-centered scholarship. — connects to: The women-and-blacks analogy erased black women by equating women with whites; White-scholarship findings about women workers were misapplied to Black women — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 229; White feminist scholars aligned with white men’s critical standards at black women’s expense (+7 more)

Broader Connections

• The women-and-blacks analogy erased black women by equating women with whites #corroborates (0.95)
• Analogizing racism and sexism erases the specific experience of women of color #corroborates (0.92) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1472
• White feminists excluded black women by analogy rather than overt discrimination #corroborates (0.90) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 420
• White feminists dismissed black women’s attention to racial difference #corroborates (0.86)
• White-scholarship findings about women workers were misapplied to Black women #exemplifies (0.85) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 229
• White women’s rights appeals exploited racism against black men #expands (0.82) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 422
• White feminists resisted deconstructing ‘woman’ to include race #expands (0.80) — bell hooks, Teaching to Transgress, 222
• White feminist scholars aligned with white men’s critical standards at black women’s expense #expands (0.78)
• Racial alliances superseded feminist solidarity between black and white women #complicates (0.74) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 507
• White women allied with white men on shared racism against Black women #complicates (0.72) — bell hooks, Ain’t I a Woman_ Black Women and…, 119