Scholars dispute whether Bahia’s 1835 revolt was a religious holy war.

Evidence

However, the great revolt of 1835 in Bahia, Ramos continues, was primarily a Hausa revolt and consequently Islamic in inspiration. “Their aggressiveness was a direct social heritage from the century old wars of religion which had assured the spread of Islam in Africa… . The preponderant cause, let it be repeated, was religious.” Kent argues in contrast to Ramos (and Nina Rodrigues) that this revolt involved Hausa and Yoruba, primarily, but was led by Islamic leaders, the Males. Neither this revolt nor those that preceded it were holy wars (querra santos). — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 767

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the ‘Males’ as Islamic leaders of the 1835 revolt, a key term in this historiography.