Satellite media rivalries shaped how the civilian toll of war was framed

Evidence

Satellite broadcast technology heightened the war of words and imagery regarding “collateral damage.” While the Western media were highlighting the humanitarian benefits of military force, the Qatar-based Al Jazeera Media Network was showing vivid images of the heavy civilian human toll of the military campaign in Afghanistan and Iraq, along with frequent images of carnage from the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. … Many of those with more means fled the country. — Albert Bandura, Moral Disengagement, 2413

Categorization

• XREF: A concrete instance of the media-framing dynamics central to moral disengagement discourse — whose images count as authoritative truth in wartime.