Ricoldo judged Muslims as having works but lacking Law and understanding.

Evidence

Perhaps Ricoldo’s most sober estimate of the virtues of Islam is that found in his Jibellus ad nationes orientales, where he said that Islamic religion contains multa utilia. Elsewhere he said that the Jews have a Law but no understanding and no works; the Muslims have works, but no Law or understanding; Christians have a Law and understanding, but no works (Ep. 1). — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 2291

Categorization

• QUESTION: A medieval monk’s tripartite schema of Law, understanding, and works for Jews, Muslims, and Christians — worth chasing how common this comparative taxonomy was in medieval polemic.