Religious attendance, not private prayer, predicts support for suicide attacks

Evidence

We found that those who attended mosque often, compared to those who attended rarely or never, were twice to three-and-a-half times more likely to support suicide attacks against the perceived enemy (Israelis). This clearly supports the social solidarity hypothesis. However, contrary to the idea that something about religious belief causes support for violent martyrdom, we found that frequency of prayer was statistically unrelated to such support once attendance was taken into account. — Norenzayan, Ara, Big gods - how religion transformed…, 534

Categorization

• QUESTION: Does this attendance-not-belief pattern parallel Norenzayan’s larger claim that Big Gods work through surveillance and costly signaling rather than doctrine?
• XREF: Directly feeds the reader’s analytical bridge: attendance = public observable costly commitment (surveillance/partner-choice signal) while prayer = private unobservable belief. Maps onto the fumi-e trampling as forced public apostasy vs. private conscience.