Racism operates through coded substitution that conveys meaning without explicit racist reference.

Evidence

Absence can be as powerful a racializing force as presence. Racism at times works by a process of substitution, a coding of phrases and terms which conveys racist meaning without specific reference to explicitly racist beliefs. — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 2280

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the broader ‘new racism’ / cultural racism literature (Barker, Balibar) and to ‘colorblind racism’ in Bonilla-Silva.