Racialized groups have been categorized as enemies beyond alien status.

Evidence

Is the enemy, then, an individual (human or not), a tribe, a city or a state, a people, or a race? (Just prior to President Roosevelt’s 1942 Executive Order 9066 to intern Japanese-Americans in detention camps, the officer in charge of the U.S. Western Defense Command, Lieutenant General John L. De Witt, successfully defended the devastating argument that the Japanese were not only “alien enemies,” but an “enemy race.”) — Gil Anidjar, The Jew, the Arab, 394

Categorization

• XREF: Links to the broader Islamophobia-antisemitism cluster where racialized enemy designations recur, and to internment histories.