Racial hierarchy and legal exception are mutually reinforcing in evictions.

Evidence

In using the term ‘casting out’ for the title of this book, I wish to underline that the eviction of Muslims from political community is a racial process that begins with Muslims being marked as a different level of humanity and being assigned a separate and unequal place in the law. … Race thinking structures the exception since it is invoked as a measure of self-defence against those whose inherent difference threatens the nation. From this perspective, whenever the exception is invoked, we can expect to see that it is undergirded by the notion that there are two levels of humanity. We must also consider the inverse as true: when the notion of two levels of humanity is invoked, the legal exception is not far behind. — Sherene Razack, Casting Out, 398

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to Agamben’s state of exception concept and racialization theory; also fits the reader’s interest in how hierarchies produce legal exclusions.