Racial bias and out-group bias are distinct juror phenomena

Evidence

Racial bias results in worse outcomes (i.e., more guilty verdicts, higher guilt ratings, and harsher punishment) for minority defendants. In contrast, out-group bias is the tendency for jurors to be more lenient toward defendants of their own racial group than they are to defendants of other racial groups (out-group members). — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 845

Categorization

• DEFINE: Distinguishes two related but separate constructs central to measuring juror bias — relevant to the reader’s need for clean construct separation in measurement.
• XREF: The racial-bias vs. out-group-bias distinction parallels the in-group/out-group solidarity structure at the heart of the reader’s enemy-construction question.
• corroborated: 4 independent passages support this claim — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 845