Race gained formal codification and state authority from the eighteenth century

Evidence

This suggests that community members had a strong sense of who they were and who, or what, they were not. Ethnogenesis organized social boundaries, offering “categories by which one might assert who belongs and who does not.” Even an act as minor as a haircut could challenge one’s membership in a social community, a unit that suggested racial categories, something that played an instrumental role in the manufacturing of monsters. — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 89 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Immanuel Kant supplied the first scientific definition of race in 1775. — Nick Couldry & Ulises A. Mejias, The Costs of Connection: How Data Is…, 264; Race as a configuration dates only from the late eighteenth century; Eighteenth-century ethnology fused bodily and cultural notions of race together — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 137 (+15 more)

Broader Connections

• Racial categories operated through belonging-versus-otherness boundaries already in the early medieval period #complicates (0.85) — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 89