Postwar occupation controls barred Institute members from any return to Germany.

Evidence

Germany had been destroyed and divided up into zones of occupation. Political activity was banned, and publications were censored. Free travel was not possible, and even entering the country without an official commission was not allowed. Even leaving the United States was not possible without difficulties. Civilians were not issued with passports to begin with. Travel to Europe could only be undertaken in government service. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 407

Categorization

• QUESTION: How much of the Institute’s Americanization was forced by these travel and passport barriers rather than chosen?
• XREF: connects to: Some Institute associates ignored warnings and returned to Nazi Germany; Personal American attachments prevented some Institut members from returning to Germany — Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History…, 853
• yield-rescued: below the book’s yield-target cutoff, included anyway for connecting to: Some Institute associates ignored warnings and returned to Nazi Germany; Personal American attachments prevented some Institut members from returning to Germany — Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History…, 853

Broader Connections

• Personal American attachments prevented some Institut members from returning to Germany #complicates (0.78) — Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination, 853