Post-Reconstruction jury integration was reversed within a decade by unofficial exclusion practices.

Evidence

Courts have addressed the issue of racial/ethnic diversity on juries and the exclusion of groups from jury service as early as 1879 (Strauder v. West Virginia, 1880), when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a state statute excluding Black men from jury service was unconstitutional. Although there was a brief period during the 1880s when Black men served on juries, by the 1890s Black individuals had largely been removed from jury service through unofficial practices such as color-coded jury-selection wheels1 or intimidation (Marder, 2013). — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 881

Categorization

• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 881