Police treatment disparities span stops, abuse, force, and response speed

Evidence

Scholars have documented the many ways in which race can affect law enforcement—most of which focus on racial disparities in treatment. Minorities are more likely to be stopped by police officers (Fagan & Davies, 2000) and to be victims of verbal abuse and extreme use of force from the police (Mastrofski, Reisig, & McCluskey, 2002; Jacobs & O’Brien, 1998). Minorities also are less likely to receive help in a timely manner from police officers (Anderson, 1990). Furthermore, the disparity between police treatment of minority and majority groups is not only documented but also widely acknowledged by both majority and minority members (Gabbidon & Higgins, 2009). — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 262

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the documented policing disparities literature already in the reader’s knowledge base on race, law, and institutions.