Placing humans in the animal kingdom enabled scientific racism justifying slavery and conquest.

Evidence

In the eighteenth century and nineteenth century, the story of the race concept followed a path toward secularization through the emergence of scientific racism and, subsequently, eugenicist philosophy that was shored up in the ideology of white supremacy throughout Europe and the Americas. Racism in its modern, Enlightenment form privileged biological di√erence as natural di√erence without including religion, which was seen as a discrete form of prejudice and persecution. Hence, the modern form of racism displaced religion and, consequently, Islamophobia as racism. — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 156 (#complicates, via linked claim)

As Islam and Muslims were eclipsed in European politics in the scramble of competing imperialisms, slavery took over the space they left open. Early on, black Africans were placed into a logic that paired them with Moors, Indians, and Jews. In the context of the American colonies, and then of the formation of the United States, religion was not far from the construction of the logic of nation and race. Racialized ideas about Muslims were transferred to African slaves to justify enslavement via claims of benevolent domination (e.g., the Hamitic hypothesis, which re-emerged in nineteenth-century and twentiethcentury narratives of black Muslims in the U.S.) and, indeed, the forced migration of African Muslims to the Americas. — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 190 (#complicates, via linked claim)

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Scientific racism followed from placing humans in the animal kingdom; Eighteenth century ethnology secularized racism into a scientific ideology justifying conquest.; Polarised traits like cleanliness are imposed to mark slaves as nearer to animals — Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature, 206 (+18 more)

Broader Connections

• Modern scientific racism displaced religion from the race concept. #complicates (0.74) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 156
• Racial ideology about Muslims was transferred onto enslaved Africans. #complicates (0.72)
• Anti-Muslim racial templates were transferred to justify African slavery #complicates (0.72) — Junaid Rana, Terrifying Muslims, 190