Pan-movements mobilized liberal tactics and popular-democracy rhetoric for race ends

Evidence

It would be a serious error to assume that the leaders of the pan-movements were reactionaries or “counter-revolutionaries.” Though as a rule not too interested in social questions, they never made the mistake of siding with capitalist exploitation and most of them had belonged, and quite a few continued to belong, to liberal, progressive parties. It is quite true, in a sense, that the Pan-German League “embodied a real attempt at popular control in foreign affairs. It believed firmly in the efficiency of a strong nationally minded public opinion …and initiating national policies through force of popular demand.” Except that the mob, organized in the pan-movements and inspired by race ideologies, was not at all the same people whose revolutionary actions had led to constitutional government and whose true representatives at that time could be found only in the workers’ movements, but with its “enlarged tribal consciousness” and its conspicuous lack of patriotism resembled much rather a “race.” — Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 602

Categorization

• XREF: Directly parallels claims about Islamophobia movements borrowing liberal vocabulary — supports the reader’s scaffolding toolkit on how exclusionary movements co-opt democratic language. — connects to: Radical segregationists recruited industrial workers through staged open-air rallies — Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of…, 112
• DEFINE: Introduces ‘enlarged tribal consciousness’ as opposed to patriotism — a key conceptual distinction between race-thinking and nation-loyalty.