Pakistan’s backing transformed the Kashmir insurgency from secular to Islamist.

Evidence

The 1989 insurgency against India was originally led by a “relatively secular” organization, supported by the Pakistan government. Pakistan’s support then shifted to Islamic fundamentalist groups, which became dominant. These groups included “hardcore insurgents” who seemed “committed to continuing their jihad for its own sake whatever the hope and the outcome.” — Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the…, 741

Categorization

• XREF: A specific instance of the general pattern from this same chapter: external sponsors reshuffle which factions gain dominance in a conflict, echoing how group reputation dynamics select for certain players.