Ottoman military dominance of Europe ended only in 1683 at Vienna

Evidence

Already in the eleventh century, the Seljuq Turks wrested Anatolia from the Byzantines, and transformed it from a Greek Christian to a Turkish Muslim land. In the thirteenth century, an Ottoman expeditionary force crossed the straits into Europe and began what developed into a vast expansion of Ottoman power. At its height, the Ottoman Empire, with the Crimean khanate under Ottoman suzerainty, included all the shores of the Black Sea, the whole of the Balkan peninsula and half of Hungary. In 1480 an Ottoman naval expedition from Albania seized Otranto in Italy, while Ottoman advance units raided within sight of Venice. Most important of all, they were twice able to lay siege to Vienna. The second siege, in 1683, was the first unequivocal defeat, and it was followed by the first peace treaty—Carlowitz, 1699—in which the Ottoman sultan had to submit to the will of victorious Christian enemies. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 664

Categorization

• XREF: Qualifies the common Eurocentric narrative: Europe’s Muslim threat was not a medieval relic but extended into the late seventeenth century.