Orientalism intensified in both Italy and northwestern Europe in the decades around 1400

Evidence

If the Limbourg Brothers “Ottomanized” the work of their Italian predecessors, they did not do so because the impress of the “Turks” was stronger in northwestern European art than in Italy. They were, rather, reflecting a trend that was under way in Italy as well. In the period intervening between the Sienese and the Burgundian work, orientalism had intensified in both parts of Europe and came to focus its imagination on the Ottoman Empire. — Ivan Davidson Kalmar, Derek Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 178