Observed race disparities in sentencing do not fully capture judicial bias.

Evidence

These are important findings as they demonstrate that justice is not blind, and that the race and gender of the defendant has arguably a causal impact on the resolution of cases. This implies that two otherwise identical defendants would end up with different judgments if one was White and the other a racial minority (or if one was male and the other female). However, disparate treatment of defendants because of their race and gender does not portray the whole picture, which is quite a bit more complicated and nuanced. — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 744

Categorization

• XREF: Sets up the sincere-conviction-vs-measured-bias theme: average measured disparity may not reflect pure prejudice when other mechanisms operate.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 744