Numeric measurement includes dichotomous presence and absence coding

Evidence

Numeric measurement appears in data sets as well as in variables in statistical hypotheses, essentially anything which receives numeric values (this includes dichotomous presence–absence as measurement). In short, connecting conceptualization with numeric variables and the construction of data sets forms a core part of the methodology of concepts. — Gary Goertz, Social Science Concepts and Measurement, 92

Categorization

• DEFINE: Clarifies that measurement is not restricted to continuous quantities — binary coding also counts, which widens what ‘measurement’ means.