Northern industrial growth offloaded labor costs onto European emigration source regions

Evidence

In the North, “the dictatorship of property” had been manifest in capital and investment. Not as rich or as powerful as the plantocrats in the beginning, the northern merchants, manufacturers, and industrialists had developed on the backs of southern agriculture and European labor. The North exploited its labor more efficiently, not having to absorb the costs of developing it during its nonproductive years. Those costs were incurred by the socioeconomic sectors of Ireland, Germany, Italy, and England. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 956